2008) have failed to control the disease. Chemical fungicides such as propiconazole and azoxystrobin ( Pfender and Alderman 2003) and the copper fungicides Kocide 3000 and Copper-Count N ( Alderman et al. Previous attempts to control the spread of choke disease have not yielded the desired results. Direct losses due to choke disease were estimated at more than $100,000 in the Czech Republic in 2008 ( CagaЕЎ and MachГЎДЌ 2012). The incidence of choke commonly reaches 30% in orchardgrass fields in France by the fourth year of seed production, making the stand unprofitable ( Raynal 1991). For example, fungal infection was estimated to cause serious losses (more than $820,000 per year) in orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata) yields in the Willamette Valley (Oregon, U.S.A.), where 90% of fields were infected with E. 2014).Д®conomic losses in agricultural production due to EpichloГ« have been recognized. Thirty-five EpichloГ« species have been described, and 11 of them produce stromata ( Leuchtmann et al. Fungal mating takes place on stromata, upon which ascospores capable of infecting new grass plants are produced ( Chung and Schardl 1997). In spring, some EpichloГ« species may form external stromata that form around the developing plant inflorescences, thereby suppressing their maturation and seed production. During the vegetative phase of the host grass, fungal hyphae grow in plant tissues without causing visible signs of infection ( Schardl 1996). This disease is caused by fungi of the genus EpichloГ« (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota), which form symbiotic associations with cool-season grasses. typhina in grass populations.Д¬hoke disease is a condition of grass in which the development of inflorescences is suppressed by mycelial stromata ( Western and Cavett 1959). epichloГ« to control choke disease caused by E. epichloГ« varied from 18.40 to 46.50%, and the mycoparasite colonized up to 100% of EpichloГ« mycelia in a precolonization experiment. typhina was confirmed via two in vitro experiments. epichloГ« revealed a lack of asci with ascospores in perithecia and damage to mycelia at sites colonized by C. Microscopy of EpichloГ« stromata infected with C. Fungal hyperparasites occur widely in nature, and many are successfully used commercially as biological control agents against plant pathogenic fungi. and its naturally occurring fungal hyperparasite, Clonostachys epichloГ« (Speg.) Schroers (sexual morph Bionectria epichloГ«) was investigated in populations of the grass Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. The interaction between EpichloГ« typhina (Pers.) Tul. and France, but attempts to control choke disease have not been successful. Economic losses in agricultural production due to choke have long been known in the U.S.A. The disease manifests itself as fungal stromata that form around developing inflorescences, thereby suppressing their maturation. Fungi of the genus EpichloГ« (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota) cause choke disease in many grass species.

Hyperparasite